On-DNA compound synthesis follows identical routes and reaction conditions to those used in library preparation, thereby maximally reproducing the true chemical state of the encoded molecules in the library. This includes potential unreacted precursors, truncated fragments, target products, and related byproducts. Samples can be provided as mixtures or in isolated/purified forms, and can be characterized and quantified using ASMS, SPR, FP, and other methods to confirm the active components and true structures. Off-DNA compounds involve the removal of DNA tags to eliminate potential interference from nucleic acids in binding and activity readouts, thereby enabling the verification of authentic target binding capacity and in vitro activity performance. Furthermore, AlphaMa offers hit-to-lead optimization services in medicinal chemistry, conducting structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies and structural optimization for potential lead candidates to accelerate the transition from hit to lead.